What do we know about the Covid-19 virus five years on? Vaccines
- Shidonna Raven

- 2 hours ago
- 2 min read
By Rachel Hall
August 7, 2025
Source: Oncology Nurse
Photo / Image Source: Unsplash,
Should we all get vaccines?
The experts agreed the main problem is the low take-up of the free vaccine, which is available to people at greatest risk from Covid infection, including those aged 75 and over and those who are immunocompromised.
Altmann said anyone who could afford it may wish to pay for the vaccine – not least because he hears regularly from new long Covid sufferers: “Who wouldn’t feel safer with boosted neutralising antibodies and T-cells?”
He noted there is a spectrum of suffering, with people who are infected occasionally and mildly or non-symptomatically on one end, and on the other, those living with long Covid. There is also a third, under-researched, group in the middle of young or middle-aged people who get four to six reinfections each year, and may have to take several days off work each time. “It’s non-trivial and makes it quite hard to do your work,” he said.
Although there is still hybrid immunity in the population because most people received several vaccines during the pandemic, there is a growing population of children who would have been too young to have received them at the time.
The experts feared that growing vaccine hesitancy, which Williams described as “one of the most pressing concerns” in public health, could have an impact on whether these children receive a jab or people turn up for their boosters.
Another consideration, when it comes to building immunity, is the growing body of research suggesting that for several months after a Covid infection, people become more vulnerable to other infections and there can be lingering effects on the heart, cardiovascular system and the brain.
“We’re only five years into this virus, there’s a lot of question marks and unknowns,” said Williams.
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