Source: Napolean
Photo / Image Source: Unsplash,
The Treaty of Wangxia (Wang-hsia) was the first formal treaty signed between the United States and China in 1844. It served as an American counterpart to the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing that ended the First Opium War in 1842.
The Franco-British expedition to China, 1860 Period :
2nd Republic / 2nd Empire
This timeline forms part of our close-up on: the Franco-British expedition to China, 1860.
The outbreak of the Second Opium War, in 1856, came from the western desire to further open up the Chinese empire to foreign trade and negotiate a more favourable position for itself in the territory. These demands (rejected outright by the ruling Qing dynasty), coupled with the Arrow incident on 8 October 1856 (which involved the Chinese occupation of a Chinese-owned but reportedly British-registered ship which had been accused of smuggling and piracy), resulted in the British occupation of Canton (today Guangzhou) and the forts surrounding Tien-tsin (Tianjin) between 23 October and 13 November. However, by the beginning of 1857, the limited British forces had been forced to retreat.
The British government began preparations for an expeditionary force, which was to be launched in tandem with the French, who used the execution of a French missionary, Father Auguste Chapdelaine, by Chinese local authorities in February 1856, as a pretext to become involved in the matter. In December 1857, Canton was once again bombarded and occupied by the allied troops (under the command of Admiral Michael Seymour, Lord Elgin and Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros). Peace negotiations with the Chinese emperor’s representatives were begun and in 1858 in the town of Tien-tsin, a treaty was agreed between the western powers and the Chinese Qing dynasty, supposedly bringing an end to the fighting. The treaty comprised a number of articles, namely:
1) Britain, France, Russia, and the United States would be able to establish diplomatic legations in Peking (Beijing), previously closed to foreign ambassadorial presence.
2) A further number of Chinese ports would be opened to allow foreign trade.
3) The Yangtzse River would be opened up to allow free passage for all foreign vessels, including commercial ships.
4) Foreigners would be granted unrestricted travel throughout China
.5) An indemnity to be paid by China to Britain and France was fixed at 2,000,000 taels of silver each.6) China would also be obliged to pay compensation (of 2,000,000 taels of silver) to British merchants for the destruction of property.
How can such practices impact your health? Why? What is your experience?
Share the wealth of health with your friends and family by sharing this article with 3 people today.
If this article was helpful to you, donate to the Shidonna Raven Garden and Cook E-Magazine Today. Thank you in advance.
Comments