Intellectual Property & Your Health Series - Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of genomes

Shidonna Raven
Jun 2
2 min read

Photo / Image Source: Unsplash,

Before you go to the Doctor!

Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of genomes

Genomic sequences are usually determined using automatic sequencing machines. In a typical experiment to determine a genomic sequence, genomic DNA first is extracted from a sample of cells of an organism and then is broken into many random fragments. These fragments are cloned in a DNA vector (carrier) that is capable of carrying large DNA inserts. Because the total amount of DNA that is required for sequencing and additional experimental analysis is several times the total amount of DNA in an organism’s genome, each of the cloned fragments is amplified individually by replication inside a living bacterial cell, which reproduces rapidly and in great quantity to generate many bacterial clones. The cloned DNA is then extracted from the bacterial clones and is fed into the sequencing machine. The resulting sequence data are stored in a computer. When a large enough number of sequences from many different clones is obtained, the computer ties them together using sequence overlaps. The result is the genomic sequence, which is then deposited in a publicly accessible database. (For more information about DNA cloning and sequencing, see the article recombinant DNA technology.)

A complete genomic sequence in itself is of limited use; the data must be processed to find the genes and, if possible, their associated regulatory sequences. The need for these detailed analyses has given rise to the field of bioinformatics, in which computer programs scan DNA sequences looking for genes, using algorithms based on the known features of genes, such as unique triplet sequences of nucleotides known as start and stop codons that span a gene-sized segment of DNA or sequences of DNA that are known to be important in regulating adjacent genes. Once candidate genes are identified, they must be annotated to ascribe potential functions. Such annotation is generally based on known functions of similar gene sequences in other organisms, a type of analysis made possible by evolutionary conservation of gene sequence and function across organisms as a result of their common ancestry. However, after annotation there is still a subset of genes for which functions cannot be deduced; these functions gradually become revealed with further research.