Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia - Introduction 7
Authors: Boonfei Tan 1
Source: Frontiers
Photo/Image Source: Unsplash
2.1 Pre-existing vulnerabilities increase risk of waterborne outbreaks
A combination of factors, such as climate change (heavy rainfall events, droughts), low elevation (coastal and river delta settlements), rapid urbanization (dense communities with inadequate drainage/sanitation systems), and socioeconomic impacts (poverty-stricken communities) are preexisting vulnerabilities that some AMS grapple with, increasing their susceptibility to floods and exposure to waterborne diseases and outbreaks (Fabrice et al., 2021). WHO data shows that unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) remain a major driver of global health burden, responsible for an estimated 1.4 million preventable deaths and 74 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Although WHO reported global improvements in WASH and reduced vulnerability between 2015 and 2020, communities in LMICs, including those in SEA, remain highly vulnerable to climate change and limited access to safe drinking water, with persistent regional and intercountry disparities affecting local communities (Wen et al., 2025; Deshpande et al., 2020; Greenwood et al., 2024;
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