Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia - Introduction 26
Authors: Boonfei Tan 1
Source: Frontiers
Photo/Image Source: Unsplash
Matsushita et al., 2018; Cunha et al., 2022; Benedum et al., 2018). Frequent co-infections are reported in flood-affected regions including overlapping dengue-leptospirosis and melioidosis-leptospirosis cases (Lea et al., 2025; Asaduzzaman et al., 2024; Sachu et al., 2018). Animal reservoirs add another layer of complexity. In northern Vietnam, rodents were found to carry Rickettsia, Leptospira, and Bartonella at the same time (Anh et al., 2021), while rodents in Indonesian markets harbored both Leptospira and Orthohantavirus (Miura et al., 2025). Their role as reservoirs sustaining and spreading diseases across SEA has been comprehensively reviewed recently (Ganasen et al., 2025; Nguyen et al., 2025). Since most surveillance systems in ASEAN still monitor one disease at a time (Pang et al., 2025), such findings stress the risk of multi-pathogen spillover, which can delay recognition of overlapping outbreaks and lead to case misclassification.
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