Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia - Introduction 21

Authors: Boonfei Tan ¹

Patrick De Vera ²

Josephine Abrazaldo ²

Charmaine Ng ^1*

Source: Frontiers

Photo/Image Source: Unsplash

Flooding from heavy rainfall, cyclones, or typhoons destroys natural and infrastructural barriers, facilitating contact between pathogens, vectors, and humans (Mora et al., 2022; Setiawati et al., 2022). Many pathogens persist at low endemic levels during non-flood periods and remain geographically contained until floods amplify transmission through dissemination into new regions previously unaffected (Ascione and Valdano, 2025; Bett et al., 2021). Floodwaters compromise sewage, and seed surface waters with enteric pathogens, mobilize pathogens from wildlife, livestock, human waste, and environmental reservoirs into shared aquatic systems (Mora et al., 2022; Chadsuthi et al., 2021; Rahman et al., 2023; ten Veldhuis et al., 2010; Thibeaux et al., 2024; Poulakida et al., 2024; Raya et al., 2024). Flood victims exposed to contaminated water are at high risk of infection via direct contact (e.g., skin abrasions) or through ingestion of water contaminated by sewage containing

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