Flood-associated disease outbreaks and transmission in Southeast Asia - Introduction 1

Authors: Boonfei Tan ¹

Patrick De Vera ²

Josephine Abrazaldo ²

Charmaine Ng ^1*

Source: Frontiers

Photo/Image Source: Unsplash

Introduction 1

Human-induced climate change has resulted in rising sea levels and an increase in severe weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and unpredictable fluctuations in heavy precipitation that lead to flooding (Stott et al., 2016; Zhai et al., n.d.; Mora et al., 2022). Floods have a major impact across regions globally. About 1.8 billion people (23% of the global population) are exposed to 1-in-100-year floods, with the greatest risks concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially South and East Asia (Rentschler et al., 2022). Increased rainfall intensity, a consequence of climate change, puts many regions across Southeast Asia (SEA) at risk of major floods on an annual basis, particularly during the monsoon season (Chen et al., 2025; Loo et al., 2015). Of all disaster categories recorded by the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (

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